Genome editing of a Rosa locus using zinc-finger nucleases

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are methods and compositions for genome editing of a  Rosa  locus, using fusion proteins comprising a zinc-finger protein and a cleavage domain or cleavage half-domain. Polynucleotides encoding said fusion proteins are also provided, as are cells comprising said polynucleotides and fusion proteins.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/343,287, filed Apr. 26, 2010, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

STATEMENT OF RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

Not applicable.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure is in the fields of genome engineering, including somatic and heritable gene insertions/disruptions, genomic alterations, generation of alleles carrying random mutations and/or insertion of transgenes into a Rosa locus.

BACKGROUND

Rosa gene products are ubiquitously expressed at all stages of development. As such, this locus has been widely used for expressing endogenous sequences from endogenous or introduced promoters and for creating transgenic mice, for example from embryonic stem cells. See, e.g., Strathdee et al. (2006) PLoS ONE, Issue 1, e4; Nyabi et al. (2009) Nucl. Acids. Res. 37:e55.

However, conventional methods of targeted insertion can require complicated assembly of target vectors. Thus, there remains a need for methods of targeted insertion into and/or modification of Rosa gene in a targeted fashion. Precisely targeted site-specific cleavage of genomic loci offers an efficient supplement and/or alternative to conventional homologous recombination. Creation of a double-strand break (DSB) increases the frequency of homologous recombination at the targeted locus more than 1000-fold. More simply, the imprecise repair of a site-specific DSB by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) can also result in gene disruption. Creation of two such DSBs results in deletion of arbitrarily large regions. The modular DNA recognition preferences of zinc-fingers protein allows for the rational design of site-specific multi-finger DNA binding proteins. Fusion of the nuclease domain from the Type II restriction enzyme Fok Ito site-specific zinc-finger proteins allows for the creation of site-specific nucleases. See, for example, United States Patent Publications 20030232410; 20050208489; 20050026157; 20050064474; 20060188987; 20060063231; 20070134796; 2008015164; 20080131962; 2008015996 and International Publication WOs 07/014,275 and 2008/133938, which all describe use of zinc-finger nucleases and which are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for targeted insertion into a Rosa gene locus. The compositions and methods described herein can be used for genome editing, including, but not limited to: cleaving of one or more genes in an animal cell resulting in targeted alteration (insertion, deletion and/or substitution mutations) in one or more genes, including the incorporation of these targeted alterations into the germline; targeted introduction of non-endogenous nucleic acid sequences, the partial or complete inactivation of one or more genes in an animal; methods of inducing homology-directed repair, generation of transgenic animals (e.g., rodents) and/or generation of random mutations encoding novel allelic forms of animal genes.

In one aspect, described herein is a zinc-finger protein (ZFP) that binds to target site in a Rosa gene in a genome (e.g., a rodent genome), wherein the ZFP comprises one or more engineered zinc-finger binding domains. In one embodiment, the ZFP is a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) that cleaves a target genomic region of interest, wherein the ZFN comprises one or more engineered zinc-finger binding domains and a nuclease cleavage domain or cleavage half-domain. Cleavage domains and cleavage half domains can be obtained, for example, from various restriction endonucleases and/or homing endonucleases. In one embodiment, the cleavage half-domains are derived from a Type IIS restriction endonuclease (e.g., Fok I). In certain embodiments, the zinc finger domain recognizes a target site in a Rosa gene, for example Rosa26.

The ZFN may bind to and/or cleave a Rosa gene within the coding region of the gene or in a non-coding sequence within or adjacent to the gene, such as, for example, a leader sequence, trailer sequence or intron, or within a non-transcribed region, either upstream or downstream of the coding region.

In another aspect, described herein are compositions comprising one or more of the zinc-finger nucleases described herein. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises one or more zinc-finger nucleases in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In another aspect, described herein is a polynucleotide encoding one or more ZFNs described herein. The polynucleotide may be, for example, mRNA.

In another aspect, described herein is a ZFN expression vector comprising a polynucleotide, encoding one or more ZFNs described herein, operably linked to a promoter.

In another aspect, described herein is a host cell comprising one or more ZFN expression vectors as described herein. The host cell may be stably transformed or transiently transfected or a combination thereof with one or more ZFP expression vectors. In one embodiment, the host cell is an embryonic stem cell. In other embodiments, the one or more ZFP expression vectors express one or more ZFNs in the host cell. In another embodiment, the host cell may further comprise an exogenous polynucleotide donor sequence. In any of the embodiments, described herein, the host cell can comprise an embryo cell, for example a one or more mouse, rat, rabbit or other mammal cell embryo.

In another aspect, described herein is a method for cleaving one or more Rosa genes in a cell, the method comprising: (a) introducing, into the cell, one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more ZFNs that bind to a target site in the one or more genes under conditions such that the ZFN(s) is (are) expressed and the one or more genes are cleaved.

In yet another aspect, described herein is a method for introducing an exogenous sequence into the genome of a cell, the method comprising the steps of: (a) introducing, into the cell, one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more ZFNs that bind to a target site in a Rosa gene under conditions such that the ZFN(s) is (are) expressed and the one or more genes are cleaved; and (b) contacting the cell with an exogenous polynucleotide; such that cleavage of the gene(s) stimulates integration of the exogenous polynucleotide into the genome by homologous recombination. In certain embodiments, the exogenous polynucleotide is integrated physically into the genome. In other embodiments, the exogenous polynucleotide is integrated into the genome by copying of the exogenous sequence into the host cell genome via nucleic acid replication processes (e.g., homology-directed repair of the double strand break). In yet other embodiments, integration into the genome occurs through non-homology dependent targeted integration (e.g. “end-capture”). In certain embodiments, the one or more nucleases are fusions between the cleavage domain of a Type IIS restriction endonuclease and an engineered zinc-finger binding domain. In certain embodiments, the exogenous sequence is integrated into a small mammal (e.g. rabbit or rodent such as mouse, rat, etc.) Rosa gene.

In another embodiment, described herein is a method for modifying one or more Rosa gene sequence(s) in the genome of cell, the method comprising (a) providing a cell comprising one or more Rosa sequences; and (b) expressing first and second zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) in the cell, wherein the first ZFN cleaves at a first cleavage site and the second ZFN cleaves at a second cleavage site, wherein the gene sequence is located between the first cleavage site and the second cleavage site, wherein cleavage of the first and second cleavage sites results in modification of the gene sequence by non-homologous end joining and/or homology directed repair. Optionally, the cleavage results in insertion of an exogenous sequence (transgene) also introduced into the cell. In other embodiments, non-homologous end joining results in a deletion between the first and second cleavage sites. The size of the deletion in the gene sequence is determined by the distance between the first and second cleavage sites. Accordingly, deletions of any size, in any genomic region of interest, can be obtained. Deletions of 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 nucleotide pairs, or any integral value of nucleotide pairs within this range, can be obtained. In addition deletions of a sequence of any integral value of nucleotide pairs greater than 1,000 nucleotide pairs can be obtained using the methods and compositions disclosed herein.

Methods of modifying an endogenous Rosa gene as described herein can be used to create models of animal (e.g., human) disease, for example by inactivating (partially or fully) a gene or by creating random mutations at defined positions of genes that allow for the identification or selection of transgenic animals (e.g., rats, rabbits or mice) carrying novel allelic forms of those genes, by insertion of humanized genes (to study, by way of a non-limiting example, drug metabolism) or by insertion of a mutant alleles of interest to examine, for example, the phenotypic affect of such a mutant allele.

In yet another aspect, described herein is a method for germline disruption of one or more target Rosa genes, the method comprising modifying one or more Rosa sequences in the genome of one or more cells of an embryo by any of the methods described herein and allowing the embryo to develop, wherein that the modified gene sequences are present in at least a portion of gametes of the sexually mature animal. In certain embodiments, the animal is a small mammal, such as a rodent or rabbit.

In another aspect, described herein is a method of creating one or more heritable mutant alleles in at least one Rosa locus of interest, the method comprising modifying one or more Rosa loci in the genome of one or more cells of an animal embryo by any of the methods described herein; raising the embryo to sexual maturity; and allowing the sexually mature animal to produce offspring; wherein at least some of the offspring comprise the mutant alleles. In certain embodiments, the animal is a small mammal, for example a rabbit or a rodent such as rat, a mouse or a guinea pig.

In any of the methods described herein, the polynucleotide encoding the zinc finger nuclease(s) can comprise DNA, RNA or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises a plasmid. In other embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the nuclease comprises mRNA.

In a still further aspect, provided herein is a method for site specific integration of a nucleic acid sequence into a Rosa locus of a chromosome. In certain embodiments, the method comprises: (a) injecting an embryo with (i) at least one DNA vector, wherein the DNA vector comprises an upstream sequence and a downstream sequence flanking the nucleic acid sequence to be integrated, and (ii) at least one RNA molecule encoding a zinc finger nuclease that recognizes the site of integration in the Rosa locus, and (b) culturing the embryo to allow expression of the zinc finger nuclease, wherein a double stranded break introduced into the site of integration by the zinc finger nuclease is repaired, via homologous recombination with the DNA vector, so as to integrate the nucleic acid sequence into the chromosome.

Suitable embryos may be derived from several different vertebrate species, including mammalian, bird, reptile, amphibian, and fish species. Generally speaking, a suitable embryo is an embryo that may be collected, injected, and cultured to allow the expression of a zinc finger nuclease. In some embodiments, suitable embryos may include embryos from small mammals (e.g., rodents, rabbits, etc.), companion animals, livestock, and primates. Non-limiting examples of rodents may include mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, and guinea pigs. Non-limiting examples of companion animals may include cats, dogs, rabbits, hedgehogs, and ferrets. Non-limiting examples of livestock may include horses, goats, sheep, swine, llamas, alpacas, and cattle. Non-limiting examples of primates may include capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees, lemurs, macaques, marmosets, tamarins, spider monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and vervet monkeys. In other embodiments, suitable embryos may include embryos from fish, reptiles, amphibians, or birds. Alternatively, suitable embryos may be insect embryos, for instance, a Drosophila embryo or a mosquito embryo.

Also provided is an embryo comprising at least one DNA vector, wherein the DNA vector comprises an upstream sequence and a downstream sequence flanking the nucleic acid sequence to be integrated, and at least one RNA molecule encoding a zinc finger nuclease that recognizes the chromosomal site of integration. Organisms derived from any of the embryos as described herein are also provided.

A kit, comprising the ZFPs of the invention, is also provided. The kit may comprise nucleic acids encoding the ZFPs, (e.g. RNA molecules or ZFP encoding genes contained in a suitable expression vector), donor molecules, suitable host cell lines, instructions for performing the methods of the invention, and the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a Southern blot demonstrating the results of NHEJ repair following cleavage of the rat rosa26 locus as assayed by the Surveyor™ (Transgenomic) mismatch assay. “G” indicates reactions where cells were transfected with GFP ZFNs, and numbered lanes indicate specific ZFN pairs. Arrows indicate lanes where NHEJ has occurred.

FIG. 2 depicts insertion of Rosa-targeted donor nucleotides into mouse genomic DNA.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are compositions and methods for genomic editing in (for example, in small mammals such as mice, rats or rabbits) (e.g., cleaving of genes; alteration of genes, for example by cleavage followed by insertion (physical insertion or insertion by replication via homology-directed repair) of an exogenous sequence and/or cleavage followed by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ); partial or complete inactivation of one or more genes; generation of alleles with random mutations to create altered expression of endogenous genes; etc.) and alterations of the genome which are carried into the germline. Also disclosed are methods of making and using these compositions (reagents), for example to edit (alter) one or more genes in a target animal (e.g., small mammal) cell. Thus, the methods and compositions described herein provide highly efficient methods for targeted gene alteration (e.g., knock-in) and/or knockout (partial or complete) of one or more genes and/or for randomized mutation of the sequence of any target allele, and, therefore, allow for the generation of animal models of human diseases.

The compositions and methods described herein provide rapid, complete, and permanent targeted disruption of endogenous loci in animals without the need for labor-intensive selection and/or screening and with minimal off-target effects. Whole animal gene knockouts can also be readily generated in a single-step by injecting ZFN mRNA or ZFN expression cassettes.

General

Practice of the methods, as well as preparation and use of the compositions disclosed herein employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, biochemistry, chromatin structure and analysis, computational chemistry, cell culture, recombinant DNA and related fields as are within the skill of the art. These techniques are fully explained in the literature. See, for example, Sambrook et al. MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989 and Third edition, 2001; Ausubel et al., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987 and periodic updates; the series METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY, Academic Press, San Diego; Wolfe, CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, Third edition, Academic Press, San Diego, 1998; METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY, Vol. 304, “Chromatin” (P.M. Wassarman and A. P. Wolffe, eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, 1999; and METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Vol. 119, “Chromatin Protocols” (P. B. Becker, ed.) Humana Press, Totowa, 1999.

DEFINITIONS

The terms “nucleic acid,” “polynucleotide,” and “oligonucleotide” are used interchangeably and refer to a deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer, in linear or circular conformation, and in either single- or double-stranded form. For the purposes of the present disclosure, these terms are not to be construed as limiting with respect to the length of a polymer. The terms can encompass known analogues of natural nucleotides, as well as nucleotides that are modified in the base, sugar and/or phosphate moieties (e.g., phosphorothioate backbones). In general, an analogue of a particular nucleotide has the same base-pairing specificity; i.e., an analogue of A will base-pair with T.

The terms “polypeptide,” “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The term also applies to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acids are chemical analogues or modified derivatives of a corresponding naturally-occurring amino acids.

“Binding” refers to a sequence-specific, non-covalent interaction between macromolecules (e.g., between a protein and a nucleic acid). Not all components of a binding interaction need be sequence-specific (e.g., contacts with phosphate residues in a DNA backbone), as long as the interaction as a whole is sequence-specific. Such interactions are generally characterized by a dissociation constant (K_(d)) of 10⁻⁶ M⁻¹ or lower. “Affinity” refers to the strength of binding: increased binding affinity being correlated with a lower K_(d).

A “binding protein” is a protein that is able to bind non-covalently to another molecule. A binding protein can bind to, for example, a DNA molecule (a DNA-binding protein), an RNA molecule (an RNA-binding protein) and/or a protein molecule (a protein-binding protein). In the case of a protein-binding protein, it can bind to itself (to form homodimers, homotrimers, etc.) and/or it can bind to one or more molecules of a different protein or proteins. A binding protein can have more than one type of binding activity. For example, zinc-finger proteins have DNA-binding, RNA-binding and protein-binding activity.

A “zinc-finger DNA binding protein” (or binding domain) is a protein, or a domain within a larger protein, that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner through one or more zinc-fingers, which are regions of amino acid sequence within the binding domain whose structure is stabilized through coordination of a zinc ion. The term zinc-finger DNA binding protein is often abbreviated as zinc-finger protein or ZFP.

Zinc-finger binding domains can be “engineered” to bind to a predetermined nucleotide sequence. Non-limiting examples of methods for engineering zinc-finger proteins are design and selection. A designed zinc-finger protein is a protein not occurring in nature whose design/composition results principally from rational criteria. Rational criteria for design include application of substitution rules and computerized algorithms for processing information in a database storing information of existing ZFP designs and binding data. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,140,081; 6,453,242; and 6,534,261; see also WO 98/53058; WO 98/53059; WO 98/53060; WO 02/016536 and WO 03/016496.

A “selected” zinc-finger protein is a protein not found in nature whose production results primarily from an empirical process such as phage display, interaction trap or hybrid selection. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,538; U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,523; U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,988; U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,453; U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,759; WO 95/19431; WO 96/06166; WO 98/53057; WO 98/54311; WO 00/27878; WO 01/60970 WO 01/88197 and WO 02/099084.

The term “sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence of any length, which can be DNA or RNA; can be linear, circular or branched and can be either single-stranded or double stranded. The term “donor sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence that is inserted into a genome. A donor sequence can be of any length, for example between 2 and 10,000 nucleotides in length (or any integer value therebetween or thereabove), preferably between about 100 and 1,000 nucleotides in length (or any integer therebetween), more preferably between about 200 and 500 nucleotides in length.

A “homologous, non-identical sequence” refers to a first sequence which shares a degree of sequence identity with a second sequence, but whose sequence is not identical to that of the second sequence. For example, a polynucleotide comprising the wild-type sequence of a mutant gene is homologous and non-identical to the sequence of the mutant gene. In certain embodiments, the degree of homology between the two sequences is sufficient to allow homologous recombination therebetween, utilizing normal cellular mechanisms. Two homologous non-identical sequences can be any length and their degree of non-homology can be as small as a single nucleotide (e.g., for correction of a genomic point mutation by targeted homologous recombination) or as large as 10 or more kilobases (e.g., for insertion of a gene at a predetermined ectopic site in a chromosome). Two polynucleotides comprising the homologous non-identical sequences need not be the same length. For example, an exogenous polynucleotide (i.e., donor polynucleotide) of between 20 and 10,000 nucleotides or nucleotide pairs can be used.

Techniques for determining nucleic acid and amino acid sequence identity are known in the art. Typically, such techniques include determining the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA for a gene and/or determining the amino acid sequence encoded thereby, and comparing these sequences to a second nucleotide or amino acid sequence. Genomic sequences can also be determined and compared in this fashion. In general, identity refers to an exact nucleotide-to-nucleotide or amino acid-to-amino acid correspondence of two polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences, respectively. Two or more sequences (polynucleotide or amino acid) can be compared by determining their percent identity. The percent identity of two sequences, whether nucleic acid or amino acid sequences, is the number of exact matches between two aligned sequences divided by the length of the shorter sequences and multiplied by 100.

Alternatively, the degree of sequence similarity between polynucleotides can be determined by hybridization of polynucleotides under conditions that allow formation of stable duplexes between homologous regions, followed by digestion with single-stranded-specific nuclease(s), and size determination of the digested fragments. Two nucleic acid, or two polypeptide sequences are substantially homologous to each other when the sequences exhibit at least about 70%-75%, preferably 80%-82%, more preferably 85%-90%, even more preferably 92%, still more preferably 95%, and most preferably 98% sequence identity over a defined length of the molecules, as determined using the methods above. As used herein, substantially homologous also refers to sequences showing complete identity to a specified DNA or polypeptide sequence. DNA sequences that are substantially homologous can be identified in a Southern hybridization experiment under, for example, stringent conditions, as defined for that particular system. Defining appropriate hybridization conditions is within the skill of the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra; Nucleic Acid Hybridization: A Practical Approach, editors B. D. Hames and S. J. Higgins, (1985) Oxford; Washington, D.C.; IRL Press).

Selective hybridization of two nucleic acid fragments can be determined as follows. The degree of sequence identity between two nucleic acid molecules affects the efficiency and strength of hybridization events between such molecules. A partially identical nucleic acid sequence will at least partially inhibit the hybridization of a completely identical sequence to a target molecule. Inhibition of hybridization of the completely identical sequence can be assessed using hybridization assays that are well known in the art (e.g., Southern (DNA) blot, Northern (RNA) blot, solution hybridization, or the like, see Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, (1989) Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Such assays can be conducted using varying degrees of selectivity, for example, using conditions varying from low to high stringency. If conditions of low stringency are employed, the absence of non-specific binding can be assessed using a secondary probe that lacks even a partial degree of sequence identity (for example, a probe having less than about 30% sequence identity with the target molecule), such that, in the absence of non-specific binding events, the secondary probe will not hybridize to the target.

When utilizing a hybridization-based detection system, a nucleic acid probe is chosen that is complementary to a reference nucleic acid sequence, and then by selection of appropriate conditions the probe and the reference sequence selectively hybridize, or bind, to each other to form a duplex molecule. A nucleic acid molecule that is capable of hybridizing selectively to a reference sequence under moderately stringent hybridization conditions typically hybridizes under conditions that allow detection of a target nucleic acid sequence of at least about 10-14 nucleotides in length having at least approximately 70% sequence identity with the sequence of the selected nucleic acid probe. Stringent hybridization conditions typically allow detection of target nucleic acid sequences of at least about 10-14 nucleotides in length having a sequence identity of greater than about 90-95% with the sequence of the selected nucleic acid probe. Hybridization conditions useful for probe/reference sequence hybridization, where the probe and reference sequence have a specific degree of sequence identity, can be determined as is known in the art (see, for example, Nucleic Acid Hybridization: A Practical Approach, editors B. D. Hames and S. J. Higgins, (1985) Oxford; Washington, D.C.; IRL Press).

Conditions for hybridization are well-known to those of skill in the art. Hybridization stringency refers to the degree to which hybridization conditions disfavor the formation of hybrids containing mismatched nucleotides, with higher stringency correlated with a lower tolerance for mismatched hybrids. Factors that affect the stringency of hybridization are well-known to those of skill in the art and include, but are not limited to, temperature, pH, ionic strength, and concentration of organic solvents such as, for example, formamide and dimethylsulfoxide. As is known to those of skill in the art, hybridization stringency is increased by higher temperatures, lower ionic strength and lower solvent concentrations.

With respect to stringency conditions for hybridization, it is well known in the art that numerous equivalent conditions can be employed to establish a particular stringency by varying, for example, the following factors: the length and nature of the sequences, base composition of the various sequences, concentrations of salts and other hybridization solution components, the presence or absence of blocking agents in the hybridization solutions (e.g., dextran sulfate, and polyethylene glycol), hybridization reaction temperature and time parameters, as well as, varying wash conditions. The selection of a particular set of hybridization conditions is selected following standard methods in the art (see, for example, Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, (1989) Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

“Recombination” refers to a process of exchange of genetic information between two polynucleotides. For the purposes of this disclosure, “homologous recombination (HR)” refers to the specialized form of such exchange that takes place, for example, during repair of double-strand breaks in cells via homology-directed repair mechanisms. This process requires nucleotide sequence homology, uses a “donor” molecule to template repair of a “target” molecule (i.e., the one that experienced the double-strand break), and is variously known as “non-crossover gene conversion” or “short tract gene conversion,” because it leads to the transfer of genetic information from the donor to the target. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, such transfer can involve mismatch correction of heteroduplex DNA that forms between the broken target and the donor, and/or “synthesis-dependent strand annealing,” in which the donor is used to resynthesize genetic information that will become part of the target, and/or related processes. Such specialized HR often results in an alteration of the sequence of the target molecule such that part or all of the sequence of the donor polynucleotide is incorporated into the target polynucleotide.

In the methods of the disclosure, one or more targeted nucleases as described herein create a double-stranded break in the target sequence (e.g., cellular chromatin) at a predetermined site, and a “donor” polynucleotide, having homology to the nucleotide sequence in the region of the break, can be introduced into the cell. The presence of the double-stranded break has been shown to facilitate integration of the donor sequence. The donor sequence may be physically integrated or, alternatively, the donor polynucleotide is used as a template for repair of the break via homologous recombination, resulting in the introduction of all or part of the nucleotide sequence as in the donor into the cellular chromatin. Thus, a first sequence in cellular chromatin can be altered and, in certain embodiments, can be converted into a sequence present in a donor polynucleotide. Thus, the use of the terms “replace” or “replacement” can be understood to represent replacement of one nucleotide sequence by another, (i.e., replacement of a sequence in the informational sense), and does not necessarily require physical or chemical replacement of one polynucleotide by another.

In any of the methods described herein, additional pairs of zinc-finger proteins can be used for additional double-stranded cleavage of additional target sites within the cell.

In certain embodiments of methods for targeted recombination and/or replacement and/or alteration of a sequence in a region of interest in cellular chromatin, a chromosomal sequence is altered by homologous recombination with an exogenous “donor” nucleotide sequence. Such homologous recombination is stimulated by the presence of a double-stranded break in cellular chromatin, if sequences homologous to the region of the break are present.

In any of the methods described herein, the first nucleotide sequence (the “donor sequence”) can contain sequences that are homologous, but not identical, to genomic sequences in the region of interest, thereby stimulating homologous recombination to insert a non-identical sequence in the region of interest. Thus, in certain embodiments, portions of the donor sequence that are homologous to sequences in the region of interest exhibit between about 80 to 99% (or any integer therebetween) sequence identity to the genomic sequence that is replaced. In other embodiments, the homology between the donor and genomic sequence is higher than 99%, for example if only 1 nucleotide differs as between donor and genomic sequences of over 100 contiguous base pairs. In certain cases, a non-homologous portion of the donor sequence can contain sequences not present in the region of interest, such that new sequences are introduced into the region of interest. In these instances, the non-homologous sequence is generally flanked by sequences of 50-1,000 base pairs (or any integral value therebetween) or any number of base pairs greater than 1,000, that are homologous or identical to sequences in the region of interest. In other embodiments, the donor sequence is non-homologous to the first sequence, and is inserted into the genome by non-homologous recombination mechanisms.

Any of the methods described herein can be used for partial or complete inactivation of one or more target sequences in a cell by targeted integration of donor sequence that disrupts expression of the gene(s) of interest. Cell lines with partially or completely inactivated genes are also provided.

Furthermore, the methods of targeted integration as described herein can also be used to integrate one or more exogenous sequences. The exogenous nucleic acid sequence can comprise, for example, one or more genes or cDNA molecules, or any type of coding or noncoding sequence, as well as one or more control elements (e.g., promoters). In addition, the exogenous nucleic acid sequence may produce one or more RNA molecules (e.g., small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), inhibitory RNAs (RNAis), microRNAs (miRNAs), etc.).

“Cleavage” refers to the breakage of the covalent backbone of a DNA molecule. Cleavage can be initiated by a variety of methods including, but not limited to, enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis of a phosphodiester bond. Both single-stranded cleavage and double-stranded cleavage are possible, and double-stranded cleavage can occur as a result of two distinct single-stranded cleavage events. DNA cleavage can result in the production of either blunt ends or staggered ends. In certain embodiments, fusion polypeptides are used for targeted double-stranded DNA cleavage.

A “cleavage half-domain” is a polypeptide sequence which, in conjunction with a second polypeptide (either identical or different) forms a complex having cleavage activity (preferably double-strand cleavage activity). The terms “first and second cleavage half-domains;” “+ and − cleavage half-domains” and “right and left cleavage half-domains” are used interchangeably to refer to pairs of cleavage half-domains that dimerize.

An “engineered cleavage half-domain” is a cleavage half-domain that has been modified so as to form obligate heterodimers with another cleavage half-domain (e.g., another engineered cleavage half-domain). See, also, U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2005/0064474; 2007/0218528 and 2008/0131962, incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

“Chromatin” is the nucleoprotein structure comprising the cellular genome. Cellular chromatin comprises nucleic acid, primarily DNA, and protein, including histones and non-histone chromosomal proteins. The majority of eukaryotic cellular chromatin exists in the form of nucleosomes, wherein a nucleosome core comprises approximately 150 base pairs of DNA associated with an octamer comprising two each of histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4; and linker DNA (of variable length depending on the organism) extends between nucleosome cores. A molecule of histone H1 is generally associated with the linker DNA. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the term “chromatin” is meant to encompass all types of cellular nucleoprotein, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Cellular chromatin includes both chromosomal and episomal chromatin.

A “chromosome,” is a chromatin complex comprising all or a portion of the genome of a cell. The genome of a cell is often characterized by its karyotype, which is the collection of all the chromosomes that comprise the genome of the cell. The genome of a cell can comprise one or more chromosomes.

An “episome” is a replicating nucleic acid, nucleoprotein complex or other structure comprising a nucleic acid that is not part of the chromosomal karyotype of a cell. Examples of episomes include plasmids and certain viral genomes.

A “target site” or “target sequence” is a nucleic acid sequence that defines a portion of a nucleic acid to which a binding molecule will bind, provided sufficient conditions for binding exist. For example, the sequence 5′-GAATTC-3′ is a target site for the Eco RI restriction endonuclease.

An “exogenous” molecule is a molecule that is not normally present in a cell, but can be introduced into a cell by one or more genetic, biochemical or other methods. “Normal presence in the cell” is determined with respect to the particular developmental stage and environmental conditions of the cell. Thus, for example, a molecule that is present only during embryonic development of muscle is an exogenous molecule with respect to an adult muscle cell. Similarly, a molecule induced by heat shock is an exogenous molecule with respect to a non-heat-shocked cell. An exogenous molecule can comprise, for example, a functioning version of a malfunctioning endogenous molecule or a malfunctioning version of a normally-functioning endogenous molecule. An exogenous molecule can also be a molecule normally found in another species, for example, a human sequence introduced into an animal's genome.

An exogenous molecule can be, among other things, a small molecule, such as is generated by a combinatorial chemistry process, or a macromolecule such as a protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, lipid, glycoprotein, lipoprotein, polysaccharide, any modified derivative of the above molecules, or any complex comprising one or more of the above molecules. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, can be single- or double-stranded; can be linear, branched or circular; and can be of any length. Nucleic acids include those capable of forming duplexes, as well as triplex-forming nucleic acids. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,176,996 and 5,422,251. Proteins include, but are not limited to, DNA-binding proteins, transcription factors, chromatin remodeling factors, methylated DNA binding proteins, polymerases, methylases, demethylases, acetylases, deacetylases, kinases, phosphatases, integrases, recombinases, ligases, topoisomerases, gyrases and helicases.

An exogenous molecule can be the same type of molecule as an endogenous molecule, e.g., an exogenous protein or nucleic acid. For example, an exogenous nucleic acid can comprise an infecting viral genome, a plasmid or episome introduced into a cell, or a chromosome that is not normally present in the cell. Methods for the introduction of exogenous molecules into cells are known to those of skill in the art and include, but are not limited to, lipid-mediated transfer (i.e., liposomes, including neutral and cationic lipids), electroporation, direct injection, cell fusion, particle bombardment, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfer and viral vector-mediated transfer.

By contrast, an “endogenous” molecule is one that is normally present in a particular cell at a particular developmental stage under particular environmental conditions. For example, an endogenous nucleic acid can comprise a chromosome, the genome of a mitochondrion, chloroplast or other organelle, or a naturally-occurring episomal nucleic acid. Additional endogenous molecules can include proteins, for example, transcription factors and enzymes.

A “fusion” molecule is a molecule in which two or more subunit molecules are linked, preferably covalently. The subunit molecules can be the same chemical type of molecule, or can be different chemical types of molecules. Examples of the first type of fusion molecule include, but are not limited to, fusion proteins (for example, a fusion between a ZFP DNA-binding domain and a cleavage domain) and fusion nucleic acids (for example, a nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein described supra). Examples of the second type of fusion molecule include, but are not limited to, a fusion between a triplex-forming nucleic acid and a polypeptide, and a fusion between a minor groove binder and a nucleic acid.

Expression of a fusion protein in a cell can result from delivery of the fusion protein to the cell or by delivery of a polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein to a cell, wherein the polynucleotide is transcribed, and the transcript is translated, to generate the fusion protein. Trans-splicing, polypeptide cleavage and polypeptide ligation can also be involved in expression of a protein in a cell. Methods for polynucleotide and polypeptide delivery to cells are presented elsewhere in this disclosure.

A “gene,” for the purposes of the present disclosure, includes a DNA region encoding a gene product (see infra), as well as all DNA regions which regulate the production of the gene product, whether or not such regulatory sequences are adjacent to coding and/or transcribed sequences. Accordingly, a gene includes, but is not necessarily limited to, promoter sequences, terminators, translational regulatory sequences such as ribosome binding sites and internal ribosome entry sites, enhancers, silencers, insulators, boundary elements, replication origins, matrix attachment sites and locus control regions.

“Gene expression” refers to the conversion of the information, contained in a gene, into a gene product. A gene product can be the direct transcriptional product of a gene (e.g., mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, antisense RNA, ribozyme, structural RNA or any other type of RNA) or a protein produced by translation of a mRNA. Gene products also include RNAs which are modified, by processes such as capping, polyadenylation, methylation, and editing, and proteins modified by, for example, methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, ADP-ribosylation, myristilation, and glycosylation.

“Modulation” of gene expression refers to a change in the activity of a gene. Modulation of expression can include, but is not limited to, gene activation and gene repression. Genome editing (e.g., cleavage, alteration, inactivation, random mutation) can be used to modulate expression. Gene inactivation refers to any reduction in gene expression as compared to a cell that does not include a ZFP as described herein. Thus, gene inactivation may be partial or complete.

A “region of interest” is any region of cellular chromatin, such as, for example, a gene or a non-coding sequence within or adjacent to a gene, in which it is desirable to bind an exogenous molecule. Binding can be for the purposes of targeted DNA cleavage and/or targeted recombination. A region of interest can be present in a chromosome, an episome, an organellar genome (e.g., mitochondrial, chloroplast), or an infecting viral genome, for example. A region of interest can be within the coding region of a gene, within transcribed non-coding regions such as, for example, leader sequences, trailer sequences or introns, or within non-transcribed regions, either upstream or downstream of the coding region. A region of interest can be as small as a single nucleotide pair or up to 2,000 nucleotide pairs in length, or any integral value of nucleotide pairs.

The terms “operative linkage” and “operatively linked” (or “operably linked”) are used interchangeably with reference to a juxtaposition of two or more components (such as sequence elements), in which the components are arranged such that both components function normally and allow the possibility that at least one of the components can mediate a function that is exerted upon at least one of the other components. By way of illustration, a transcriptional regulatory sequence, such as a promoter, is operatively linked to a coding sequence if the transcriptional regulatory sequence controls the level of transcription of the coding sequence in response to the presence or absence of one or more transcriptional regulatory factors. A transcriptional regulatory sequence is generally operatively linked in cis with a coding sequence, but need not be directly adjacent to it. For example, an enhancer is a transcriptional regulatory sequence that is operatively linked to a coding sequence, even though they are not contiguous.

With respect to fusion polypeptides, the term “operatively linked” can refer to the fact that each of the components performs the same function in linkage to the other component as it would if it were not so linked. For example, with respect to a fusion polypeptide in which a ZFP DNA-binding domain is fused to a cleavage domain, the ZFP DNA-binding domain and the cleavage domain are in operative linkage if, in the fusion polypeptide, the ZFP DNA-binding domain portion is able to bind its target site and/or its binding site, while the cleavage domain is able to cleave DNA in the vicinity of the target site.

A “functional fragment” of a protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid is a protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid whose sequence is not identical to the full-length protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid, yet retains the same function as the full-length protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid. A functional fragment can possess more, fewer, or the same number of residues as the corresponding native molecule, and/or can contain one or more amino acid or nucleotide substitutions. Methods for determining the function of a nucleic acid (e.g., coding function, ability to hybridize to another nucleic acid) are well-known in the art. Similarly, methods for determining protein function are well-known. For example, the DNA-binding function of a polypeptide can be determined, for example, by filter-binding, electrophoretic mobility-shift, or immunoprecipitation assays. DNA cleavage can be assayed by gel electrophoresis. See Ausubel et al., supra. The ability of a protein to interact with another protein can be determined, for example, by co-immunoprecipitation, two-hybrid assays or complementation, both genetic and biochemical. See, for example, Fields et al. (1989) Nature 340:245-246; U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,245 and PCT WO 98/44350.

Zinc-Finger Nucleases

Described herein are zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) that can be used for genomic editing (e.g., cleavage, alteration, inactivation and/or random mutation) of one or more Rosa genes. ZFNs comprise a zinc-finger protein (ZFP) and a nuclease (cleavage) domain (e.g., cleavage half-domain).

A. Zinc-Finger Proteins

Zinc-finger binding domains can be engineered to bind to a sequence of choice. See, for example, Beerli et al. (2002) Nature Biotechnol. 20:135-141; Pabo et al. (2001) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 70:313-340; Isalan et al. (2001) Nature Biotechnol. 19:656-660; Segal et al. (2001) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 12:632-637; Choo et al. (2000) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 10:411-416. An engineered zinc-finger binding domain can have a novel binding specificity, compared to a naturally-occurring zinc-finger protein. Engineering methods include, but are not limited to, rational design and various types of selection. Rational design includes, for example, using databases comprising triplet (or quadruplet) nucleotide sequences and individual zinc-finger amino acid sequences, in which each triplet or quadruplet nucleotide sequence is associated with one or more amino acid sequences of zinc-fingers which bind the particular triplet or quadruplet sequence. See, for example, co-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,453,242 and 6,534,261, incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

Exemplary selection methods, including phage display and two-hybrid systems, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,789,538; 5,925,523; 6,007,988; 6,013,453; 6,410,248; 6,140,466; 6,200,759; and 6,242,568; as well as WO 98/37186; WO 98/53057; WO 00/27878; WO 01/88197 and GB 2,338,237. In addition, enhancement of binding specificity for zinc-finger binding domains has been described, for example, in co-owned WO 02/077227.

Selection of target sites; ZFPs and methods for design and construction of fusion proteins (and polynucleotides encoding same) are known to those of skill in the art and described in detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20050064474 and 20060188987, incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.

In addition, as disclosed in these and other references, zinc-finger domains and/or multi-fingered zinc-finger proteins may be linked together using any suitable linker sequences, including for example, linkers of 5 or more amino acids in length (e.g., TGEKP (SEQ ID NO:1), TGGQRP (SEQ ID NO:2), TGQKP (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or TGSQKP (SEQ ID NO:4)). See, also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,479,626; 6,903,185; and 7,153,949 for exemplary linker sequences 6 or more amino acids in length. The proteins described herein may include any combination of suitable linkers between the individual zinc-fingers of the protein.

As described below, in certain embodiments, a four-, five-, or six-finger binding domain is fused to a cleavage half-domain, such as, for example, the cleavage domain of a Type IIs restriction endonuclease such as FokI. One or more pairs of such zinc-finger/nuclease half-domain fusions are used for targeted cleavage, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050064474.

For targeted cleavage, the near edges of the binding sites can separated by 5 or more nucleotide pairs, and each of the fusion proteins can bind to an opposite strand of the DNA target. All pairwise combinations 1 can be used for targeted cleavage of a Rosa gene. Following the present disclosure, ZFNs can be targeted to any sequence in an animal's genome.

In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is an engineered domain from a TAL effector derived from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas (see Boch et al, (2009) Science 326: 1509-1512 and Moscou and Bogdanove, (2009) Science326: 1501).

B. Cleavage Domains

The ZFNs also comprise a nuclease (cleavage domain, cleavage half-domain). The cleavage domain portion of the fusion proteins disclosed herein can be obtained from any endonuclease or exonuclease. Exemplary endonucleases from which a cleavage domain can be derived include, but are not limited to, restriction endonucleases and homing endonucleases. See, for example, 2002-2003 Catalogue, New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.; and Belfort et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3379-3388. Additional enzymes which cleave DNA are known (e.g., S1 Nuclease; mung bean nuclease; pancreatic DNase I; micrococcal nuclease; yeast HO endonuclease; see also Linn et al. (eds.) Nucleases, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1993). One or more of these enzymes (or functional fragments thereof) can be used as a source of cleavage domains and cleavage half-domains.

Similarly, a cleavage half-domain can be derived from any nuclease or portion thereof, as set forth above, that requires dimerization for cleavage activity. In general, two fusion proteins are required for cleavage if the fusion proteins comprise cleavage half-domains. Alternatively, a single protein comprising two cleavage half-domains can be used. The two cleavage half-domains can be derived from the same endonuclease (or functional fragments thereof), or each cleavage half-domain can be derived from a different endonuclease (or functional fragments thereof). In addition, the target sites for the two fusion proteins are preferably disposed, with respect to each other, such that binding of the two fusion proteins to their respective target sites places the cleavage half-domains in a spatial orientation to each other that allows the cleavage half-domains to form a functional cleavage domain, e.g., by dimerizing. Thus, in certain embodiments, the near edges of the target sites are separated by 5-8 nucleotides or by 15-18 nucleotides. However any integral number of nucleotides or nucleotide pairs can intervene between two target sites (e.g., from 2 to 50 nucleotide pairs or more). In general, the site of cleavage lies between the target sites.

Restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) are present in many species and are capable of sequence-specific binding to DNA (at a recognition site), and cleaving DNA at or near the site of binding. Certain restriction enzymes (e.g., Type IIS) cleave DNA at sites removed from the recognition site and have separable binding and cleavage domains. For example, the Type IIS enzyme Fok I catalyzes double-stranded cleavage of DNA, at 9 nucleotides from its recognition site on one strand and 13 nucleotides from its recognition site on the other. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,356,802; 5,436,150 and 5,487,994; as well as Li et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4275-4279; Li et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2764-2768; Kim et al. (1994a) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:883-887; Kim et al. (1994b) J. Biol. Chem. 269:31,978-31,982. Thus, in one embodiment, fusion proteins comprise the cleavage domain (or cleavage half-domain) from at least one Type IIS restriction enzyme and one or more zinc-finger binding domains, which may or may not be engineered.

An exemplary Type IIS restriction enzyme, whose cleavage domain is separable from the binding domain, is Fok I. This particular enzyme is active as a dimer. Bitinaite et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 10,570-10,575. Accordingly, for the purposes of the present disclosure, the portion of the Fok I enzyme used in the disclosed fusion proteins is considered a cleavage half-domain. Thus, for targeted double-stranded cleavage and/or targeted replacement of cellular sequences using zinc-finger-Fok I fusions, two fusion proteins, each comprising a FokI cleavage half-domain, can be used to reconstitute a catalytically active cleavage domain. Alternatively, a single polypeptide molecule containing a zinc-finger binding domain and two Fok I cleavage half-domains can also be used. Parameters for targeted cleavage and targeted sequence alteration using zinc-finger-Fok I fusions are provided elsewhere in this disclosure.

A cleavage domain or cleavage half-domain can be any portion of a protein that retains cleavage activity, or that retains the ability to multimerize (e.g., dimerize) to form a functional cleavage domain.

Exemplary Type IIS restriction enzymes are described in International Publication WO 07/014,275, incorporated herein in its entirety. Additional restriction enzymes also contain separable binding and cleavage domains, and these are contemplated by the present disclosure. See, for example, Roberts et al. (2003) Nucleic Acids Res. 31:418-420.

In certain embodiments, the cleavage domain comprises one or more engineered cleavage half-domain (also referred to as dimerization domain mutants) that minimize or prevent homodimerization, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20050064474; 20060188987 and 20080131962, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein. Amino acid residues at positions 446, 447, 479, 483, 484, 486, 487, 490, 491, 496, 498, 499, 500, 531, 534, 537, and 538 of Fok I are all targets for influencing dimerization of the Fok I cleavage half-domains.

Exemplary engineered cleavage half-domains of Fok I that form obligate heterodimers include a pair in which a first cleavage half-domain includes mutations at amino acid residues at positions 490 and 538 of Fok I and a second cleavage half-domain includes mutations at amino acid residues 486 and 499.

Thus, in one embodiment, a mutation at 490 replaces Glu (E) with Lys (K); the mutation at 538 replaces Iso (I) with Lys (K); the mutation at 486 replaced Gln (Q) with Glu (E); and the mutation at position 499 replaces Iso (I) with Lys (K). Specifically, the engineered cleavage half-domains described herein were prepared by mutating positions 490 (E→K) and 538 (I→K) in one cleavage half-domain to produce an engineered cleavage half-domain designated “E490K:I538K” and by mutating positions 486 (Q→E) and 499 (I→L) in another cleavage half-domain to produce an engineered cleavage half-domain designated “Q486E:I499L”. The engineered cleavage half-domains described herein are obligate heterodimer mutants in which aberrant cleavage is minimized or abolished. See, e.g., Example 1 of WO 07/139,898. In certain embodiments, the engineered cleavage half-domain comprises mutations at positions 486, 499 and 496 (numbered relative to wild-type FokI), for instance mutations that replace the wild type Gln (Q) residue at position 486 with a Glu (E) residue, the wild type Iso (I) residue at position 499 with a Leu (L) residue and the wild-type Asn (N) residue at position 496 with an Asp (D) or Glu (E) residue (also referred to as a “ELD” and “ELE” domains, respectively). In other embodiments, the engineered cleavage half-domain comprises mutations at positions 490, 538 and 537 (numbered relative to wild-type FokI), for instance mutations that replace the wild type Glu (E) residue at position 490 with a Lys (K) residue, the wild type Iso (I) residue at position 538 with a Lys (K) residue, and the wild-type His (H) residue at position 537 with a Lys (K) residue or a Arg (R) residue (also referred to as “KKK” and “KKR” domains, respectively). In other embodiments, the engineered cleavage half-domain comprises mutations at positions 490 and 537 (numbered relative to wild-type FokI), for instance mutations that replace the wild type Glu (E) residue at position 490 with a Lys (K) residue and the wild-type His (H) residue at position 537 with a Lys (K) residue or a Arg (R) residue (also referred to as “KIK” and “KIR” domains, respectively). (See U.S. application Ser. No. 12/931,660).

Engineered cleavage half-domains described herein can be prepared using any suitable method, for example, by site-directed mutagenesis of wild-type cleavage half-domains (Fok I) as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050064474.

C. Additional Methods for Targeted Cleavage

Any nuclease having a target site in any Rosa gene(s) can be used in the methods disclosed herein. For example, homing endonucleases and meganucleases have very long recognition sequences, some of which are likely to be present, on a statistical basis, once in a human-sized genome. Any such nuclease having a target site in a Rosa gene can be used instead of, or in addition to, a zinc-finger nuclease, for targeted cleavage.

Exemplary homing endonucleases include I-SceI, I-CeuI, PI-PspI, PI-Sce, I-SceIV, I-CsmI, I-PanI, I-SceII, I-PpoI, I-SceIII, I-CreI, I-TevI, I-TevII and I-TevIII. Their recognition sequences are known. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,032; U.S. Pat. No. 6,833,252; Belfort et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3379-3388; Dujon et al. (1989) Gene 82:115-118; Perler et al. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 1125-1127; Jasin (1996) Trends Genet. 12:224-228; Gimble et al. (1996) J. Mol. Biol. 263:163-180; Argast et al. (1998) J. Mol. Biol. 280:345-353 and the New England Biolabs catalogue.

Although the cleavage specificity of most homing endonucleases is not absolute with respect to their recognition sites, the sites are of sufficient length that a single cleavage event per mammalian-sized genome can be obtained by expressing a homing endonuclease in a cell containing a single copy of its recognition site. It has also been reported that the specificity of homing endonucleases and meganucleases can be engineered to bind non-natural target sites. See, for example, Chevalier et al. (2002) Molec. Cell 10:895-905; Epinat et al. (2003) Nucleic Acids Res. 31:2952-2962; Ashworth et al. (2006) Nature 441:656-659; Paques et al. (2007) Current Gene Therapy 7:49-66.

Delivery

The ZFNs described herein may be delivered to a target cell by any suitable means, including, for example, by injection of ZFN mRNA. See, Hammerschmidt et al. (1999) Methods Cell Biol. 59:87-115.

Methods of delivering proteins comprising zinc-fingers are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,453,242; 6,503,717; 6,534,261; 6,599,692; 6,607,882; 6,689,558; 6,824,978; 6,933,113; 6,979,539; 7,013,219; and 7,163,824, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

ZFNs as described herein may also be delivered using vectors containing sequences encoding one or more of the ZFNs. Any vector systems may be used including, but not limited to, plasmid vectors, retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, adenovirus vectors, poxvirus vectors; herpesvirus vectors and adeno-associated virus vectors, etc. See, also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,534,261; 6,607,882; 6,824,978; 6,933,113; 6,979,539; 7,013,219; and 7,163,824, incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. Furthermore, it will be apparent that any of these vectors may comprise one or more ZFN encoding sequences. Thus, when one or more pairs of ZFNs are introduced into the cell, the ZFNs may be carried on the same vector or on different vectors. When multiple vectors are used, each vector may comprise a sequence encoding one or multiple ZFNs.

Conventional viral and non-viral based gene transfer methods can be used to introduce nucleic acids encoding engineered ZFPs in cells. Such methods can also be used to administer nucleic acids encoding ZFPs to cells in vitro. In certain embodiments, nucleic acids encoding ZFPs are administered for in vivo or ex vivo uses.

Non-viral vector delivery systems include electroporation, lipofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conjugates, naked DNA, artificial virions, and agent-enhanced uptake of DNA. Sonoporation using, e.g., the Sonitron 2000 system (Rich-Mar) can also be used for delivery of nucleic acids. Viral vector delivery systems include DNA and RNA viruses, which have either episomal or integrated genomes after delivery to the cell. Additional exemplary nucleic acid delivery systems include those provided by Amaxa Biosystems (Cologne, Germany), Maxcyte, Inc. (Rockville, Md.), BTX Molecular Delivery Systems (Holliston, Mass.) and Copernicus Therapeutics Inc, (see for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,336). Lipofection is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,386, U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,787; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,355) and lipofection reagents are sold commercially (e.g., Transfectam™ and Lipofectin™). Cationic and neutral lipids that are suitable for efficient receptor-recognition lipofection of polynucleotides include those of Felgner, WO 91/17424, WO 91/16024. Delivery can be to cells (ex vivo administration) or target tissues (in vivo administration). The preparation of lipid:nucleic acid complexes, including targeted liposomes such as immunolipid complexes, is well known to one of skill in the art (see, e.g., Crystal, Science 270:404-410 (1995); Blaese et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 2:291-297 (1995); Behr et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:382-389 (1994); Remy et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:647-654 (1994); Gao et al., Gene Therapy 2:710-722 (1995); Ahmad et al., Cancer Res. 52:4817-4820 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,186,183, 4,217,344, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, and 4,946,787).

Additional methods of delivery include the use of packaging the nucleic acids to be delivered into EnGeneIC delivery vehicles (EDVs). These EDVs are specifically delivered to target tissues using bispecific antibodies where one arm of the antibody has specificity for the target tissue and the other has specificity for the EDV. The antibody brings the EDVs to the target cell surface and then the EDV is brought into the cell by endocytosis. Once in the cell, the contents are released (see MacDiarmid et al (2009) Nature Biotechnology vol 27(7) p. 643).

As noted above, the disclosed methods and compositions can be used in any type of cell. Progeny, variants and derivatives of animal cells can also be used.

Applications

The disclosed methods and compositions can be used for genomic editing of any Rosa gene or genes. In certain applications, the methods and compositions can be used for inactivation of genomic Rosa sequences. In other applications, the methods and compositions allow for generation of random mutations, including generation of novel allelic forms of genes with different expression as compared to unedited genes or integration of humanized genes, which in turn allows for the generation of animal models. In other applications, the methods and compositions can be used for creating random mutations at defined positions of genes that allows for the identification or selection of animals carrying novel allelic forms of those genes. In other applications, the methods and compositions allow for targeted integration of an exogenous (donor) sequence into any selected area of the genome, for example, a mouse or rat Rosa gene. Regulatory sequences (e.g. promoters) could be integrated in a targeted fashion at a site of interest. By “integration” is meant both physical insertion (e.g., into the genome of a host cell) and, in addition, integration by copying of the donor sequence into the host cell genome via the nucleic acid replication processes. Donor sequences can also comprise nucleic acids such as shRNAs, miRNAs etc. These small nucleic acid donors can be used to study their effects on genes of interest within the genome. Additional donor sequences of interest may be human genes which encode proteins relevant to disease models. Non-limiting examples of such genes include human Factor VIII and human Factor IX. Thus insertion of these genes into the Rosa locus can allow the researcher to investigate these proteins in greater detail in vivo. Genomic editing (e.g., inactivation, integration and/or targeted or random mutation) of an animal gene can be achieved, for example, by a single cleavage event, by cleavage followed by non-homologous end joining, by cleavage followed by homology-directed repair mechanisms, by cleavage followed by physical integration of a donor sequence, by cleavage at two sites followed by joining so as to delete the sequence between the two cleavage sites, by targeted recombination of a missense or nonsense codon into the coding region, by targeted recombination of an irrelevant sequence (i.e., a “stuffer” sequence) into the gene or its regulatory region, so as to disrupt the gene or regulatory region, or by targeting recombination of a splice acceptor sequence into an intron to cause mis-splicing of the transcript. See, U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20030232410; 20050208489; 20050026157; 20050064474; 20060188987; 20060063231; and International Publication WO 07/014,275, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

There are a variety of applications for ZFN-mediated genomic editing of a Rosa gene. The methods and compositions described herein allow for the generation of models of human diseases. For example, editing of the p53 gene allows for the generation of a “cancer rat” that provides an animal model for studying cancer and testing cancer therapies.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Construction of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Donor Nucleic Acid for Targeted Integration into the rRosa26 Nucleic Acid Region of the Rat Genome

Plasmids were also constructed to target integration of NotI and PmeI RFLP sites into the rRosa26 region of the rat genome. Design and construction of the plasmids was as described in above. The PCR primer pairs used for amplifying the rRosa26 region of homology are described in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Primer sequences Name Sequence rRosa26 200 by F Kpnl aaaaggtaccgggagtggatgaaggagttg (SEQ ID NO: 5) rRosa26 200 by R Sacl1 aaaaccgcggcggatcacaagcaataat (SEQ ID NO: 6) rRose26 target F Notl cttcgcggccgcgatctgcaactggagtctttc (SEQ ID NO: 7) rRosa26 target F Pmel cttcgtttaaacgatctgcaactggagtctttc (SEQ ID NO: 8) rRosa26 target F Notl gatcgcggccgcgaagaagggggaagggaatc (SEQ ID NO: 9) rRosa26 target R Pmel gatcgtttaaacgaagaagggggaagggaatc (SEQ ID NO: 10) rRosa26 800 by F Kpnl aaaaggtaccgcgtgtgaaaacacaaatgg (SEQ ID NO: 11) rRosa26 800 by R Sacl1 aaaaccgcggaaggaaagaggcattcatgg (SEQ ID NO: 12) rRosa26 2Kb F Kpnl aaaaggtaccattatggaggggaggactgg (SEQ ID NO: 13) rRosa26 2Kb R Sacl1 aaaaccgcggacatgtggcaaacaggaga (SEQ ID NO: 14) rRosa26 50 bp F tgtcttctgaggaccgccc (SEQ ID NO: 15) rRosa26 50 bp R ctgcccagaagactcccgc (SEQ ID NO: 16)

Zinc finger designs targeted to the indicated target sites in the rat Rosa26 are shown Tables 2 and 3. Nucleotides in the target site that are contacted by the ZFP recognition helices are indicated in uppercase letters; non-contacted nucleotides indicated in lowercase.

TABLE 2 Rat rosa26 finger designs ZFN name Fl F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 rosa26intron- DRSDLSR RSDDLTR TSGHLSR RSDNLSV RSANLTR N/A r885a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 1) NO: 38) NO: 39) NO: 40) NO: 41) NO: 42) rosa26intron- QSDHLTK NSSNLSR RSDHLTK NSDHLSR RSDHLSR N/A 891a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 1) NO: 43) NO: 44) NO: 45) NO: 46) NO: 47) rosa26intron- RSDHLSE RSAALAR RSDHLST QNAHRIT RSAVLSE N/A r887a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 2) NO: 48) NO: 49) NO: 50) NO: 51) NO: 52) rosa26intron- QSGDLTR TSGSLTR RSANLTR RSDHLTK NSDHLSR N/A 894a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 2) NO: 17) NO: 18) NO: 42) NO: 45) NO: 46) rosa26intron- RSANLTR QSGDLTR QSGDLTR RSANLAR RSDNLRE N/A r941a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 3) NO: 42) NO: 17) NO: 17) NO: 53) NO: 54) rosa26intron- RSDHLST DNRDRIK RSDTLSE QSSHLAR QNAHRKT N/A 947a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 3) NO: 50) NO: 55) NO: 56) NO: 57) NO: 22) rosa26intron- QSGDLTR QSGDLTR RSDNLTR RSDNLSE QNAHRKT N/A r944a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 4) NO: 17) NO: 17) NO: 58) NO: 21) NO: 22) rosa26intron- DRSDLSR RSDHLST DNRDRIK RSDTLSE QSSHLAR N/A 950a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 4) NO: 38) NO: 50) NO: 55) NO: 56) NO: 57) rosa26intron- QSGDLTR RSDNLTR RSDNLSE QNAHRKT RSDHLSE TSSTRKT r951a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 5) NO: 17) NO: 58) NO: 21) NO: 22) NO: 48) NO: 59) rosa26intron- TSGNLTR QSGNLAR RSDALSV DSSHRTR RSDVLSE N/A 958a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 5) NO: 60) NO: 61) NO: 62) NO: 63) NO: 64) rosa26intron- RSDNLSE QNAHRKT RSDHLSE TSSTRKT TSGHLSR N/A r954a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 6) NO: 21) NO: 22) NO: 48) NO: 59) NO: 40) rosa26intron- TSGNLTR QSGNLAR RSDALSV DSSHRTR N/A N/A 961a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 6) NO: 60) NO: 61) NO: 62) NO: 63) rosa26intron- QRSNLVR RSDHLTQ QSGHLQR DRSHLAR N/A N/A r983a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 7) NO: 65) NO: 66) NO: 67) NO: 68) rosa26intron- RSDVLSE QRNHRTT TKRSLIE TSSNLSR RSDDLSK DNRDRIK 989a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 7) NO: 64) NO: 69) NO: 70) NO: 71) NO: 25) NO: 55) rosa26intron- RSDHLSA QSGHLSR RSDHLSR QNDNRIK QSGNLAR N/A r989a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 8) NO: 72) NO: 24) NO: 47) NO: 73) NO: 61) rosa26intron- NNRDLIN TSSNLSR RSDVLSE QRNHRTT TKRSLIE TSSNLSR 996a1 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (pair 8) NO: 74) NO: 71) NO: 64) NO: 69) NO: 70) NO: 71)

TABLE 3 rat rosa26 target sites ZFN name Target sequence rosa26intron- ctGAGAAGGGTGCGGCCttttctccgcc r885a1 (pair 1) (SEQ ID NO: 75) rosa26intron- acGGGGGAGGGGAGTGTtgcaatacctt 891a1 (pair 1) (SEQ ID NO: 76) rosa26intron- tcCTGAGAAGGGTGCGGccttttctccg r887a1 (pair 2) (SEQ ID NO: 77) rosa26intron- ggGGAGGGGAGtGTTGCAatacctttct 894a1 (pair 2) (SEQ ID NO: 78) rosa26intron- gaCAGGAGGCAGCAGAGaactcccagaa r941a1 (pair 3) (SEQ ID NO: 79) rosa26intron- tcTGAGGACCGCCCTGGgcctggaagat 947a1 (pair 3) (SEQ ID NO: 80) rosa26intron- gaAGACAGGAGGCAGCAgagaactccca r944a1 (pair 4) (SEQ ID NO: 81) rosa26intron- gaGGACCGCCCTGGGCCtggaagattcc 950a1 (pair 4) (SEQ ID NO: 82) rosa26intron- gtCCTCAGaAGACAGGAGGCAgcagaga r951a1 (pair 5) (SEQ ID NO: 83) rosa26intron- ccCTGGGCCTGGAAGATtcccttccccc 958a1 (pair 5) (SEQ ID NO: 84) rosa26intron- gcGGTCCTCAGaAGACAGgaggcagcag r954a1 (pair 6) (SEQ ID NO: 85) rosa26intron- tgGGCCTGGAAGATtcccttcccccttc 961a1 (pair 6) (SEQ ID NO: 86) rosa26intron- aaGGGGGAAGGGAAtcttccaggcccag r983a1 (pair 7) (SEQ ID NO: 87) rosa26intron- ttCCCTCGtGATCTGCAACTGgagtctt 989a1 (pair 7) (SEQ ID NO: 88) rosa26intron- ggGAAGAAGGGGGAAGGgaatcttccag r989a1 (pair 8) (SEQ ID NO: 89) rosa26intron- gtGATCTGCAACTGGAGTCTttctggaa 996a1 (pair 8) (SEQ ID NO: 90)

Rat C6 cells were transfected with GFP control or each of the 8 pairs of ZFNs. DNA was prepared from the cells one day post transfection. ZFN cleavage was assayed with the Surveyor™ nuclease as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20080015164; 20080131962 and 20080159996, using the products amplified with respective primers. The results are presented in FIG. 1. Arrows indicate cleavage was found only in samples containing ZFN pairs, but was not found in the control samples wherein cells were transfected with ZFNs specific for GFP.

Example 2 Zinc Finger Nucleases Specific for the Mouse Rosa26 Locus

Zinc finger designs targeted to the indicated target sites in the mouse Rosa26 are shown Tables 4 and 5. Nucleotides in the target site that are contacted by the ZFP recognition helices are indicated in uppercase letters; non-contacted nucleotides indicated in lowercase.

TABLE 4 mouse Rosa26 zinc finger designs ZFN name Fl F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 18477 QSGDLTR TSGSLTR QSGHLAR QSSDLTR RSDNLSE QNAHRKT (SEQ ID (SEDQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 17) NO: 18) NO: 19) NO: 20) NO: 21) NO: 22) 18473 DRSARTR QSGHLSR RSDDLSK RNDHRKN (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID  (SEQ ID N/A N/A NO: 23) NO: 24) NO: 25) NO: 26) 25096 DTTSLDR TSGSLTR QSGHLAR QSSDLTR  RSDNLSE QNAHRKT (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID  (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 27) NO: 18) NO: 19) NO: 20) NO: 21) NO: 22)

TABLE 5 mouse Rosa26 target sites ZFN name Target sequence 18477 ctAGAAAGACTGGAGTTGCAgatcacga (SEQ ID NO: 28) 18473 gaTGGGCGGGAGTCttctgggcaggctt (SEQ ID NO: 29) 25096 ctAGAAAGACTGGAGTTGCAgatcacga (SEQ ID NO: 30)

Cel-I analysis was conducted as described above for ZFN pairs 18473/18477 and 18473/25096 and the percent NHEJ seen was as follows: 26.5% NHEJ using ZFN pair 18477/18473 and 35.70% NHEJ with ZFN pair 18473/25096.

Example 3 Targeted Integration of a Donor Polynucleotide into Rosa26 Locus of the Mouse Genome

Rosa donors were constructed by cloning of PCR products made using the following oligonucleotides: for 527 by left arms, the oligonucleotides used for PCR were 5′-ggc tcg agt gag tca tca gac ttc taa gat cag g-3′ (SEQ ID NO:31); for 413 by left-arm donors, 5′-ggc tcg agt ttt gat aag gct gca gaa g-3′ (SEQ ID NO:32) in conjunction with the reverse primer 5′-ctg aat tcg aat ggg cgg gag tct tct ggg ca-3′ (SEQ ID NO:33).

For 640 by right arms, the oligonucleotides used for PCR were 5′-cca agc ttg gag gta ggt ggg gtg agg-3′ (SEQ ID NO:34); for 200 by arms, 5′-cca agc tta gtc gct ctg agt tgt tat c-3′ (SEQ ID NO:35); for 100 by arms, 5′-cca agc ttt ctg gga gtt ctc tgc tgc c-3′ (SEQ ID NO:36) in conjunction with the reverse primer 5′-cat tcg aat tca gaa aga ctg gag ttg cag atc-3′ (SEQ ID NO:37). Individual arm amplicons were joined via fusion PCR and cloned to produce donors with varying homology arms. Neuro2a cells (200,000) were co-transfected with 400 ng each of SBS 18473 and 18477 along with 2 μg of the indicated donor in solution SF using the Amaxa-Shuttle Neuro2a high efficiency protocol.

Genomic DNA was harvested 72 hours after transfection and 100 ng used for PCR with 5′-cccagctacagcctcgattt-3′, 5′-cacaaatggcgtgttttggt-3′ and 5 μCi of both 32P-dATP and 32P-dCTP per sample at an annealing temperature of 68° C. with a two minute extension at 72° C. for 28 cycles. Following G-50 column purification, 10 uL of each 50 uL reaction was digested with EcoRI at 37° C. for two hours and loaded onto a 10% polyacrylamide gel.

As shown in FIG. 2, the donor nucleotides were inserted into the Rosa locus at the indicated frequencies.

All patents, patent applications and publications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Although disclosure has been provided in some detail by way of illustration and example for the purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be practiced without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the foregoing descriptions and examples should not be construed as limiting. 

1. A fusion protein comprising a nuclease and an engineered zinc finger domain, wherein the engineered zinc finger domain binds to a target site specified in any of SEQ ID NOs:28-30 and 75-90.
 2. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the nuclease comprises a cleavage domain or cleavage-half-domain.
 3. The fusion protein of claim 1 wherein the nuclease comprises a Type IIS restriction endonuclease cleavage domain or cleavage half-domain.
 4. The fusion protein of claim 3, wherein the cleavage domain or cleavage half-domain is naturally occurring or engineered.
 5. A polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein according to claim
 1. 6. A cell comprising a fusion protein according to claim
 1. 7. A cell comprising a polynucleotide according to claim
 5. 8. The cell of claim 6, wherein the cell is an embryo cell.
 9. A composition comprising a fusion protein according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 10. A composition comprising a polynucleotide according to claim 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 11. A method for cleaving one or more Rosa genes in a cell, the method comprising: introducing, into the cell, one or more fusion proteins according to claim 1 into the cell, such that the one or more Rosa gene are cleaved.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the fusion proteins are introduced as polynucleotides encoding the fusion proteins.
 13. A method of introducing an exogenous polynucleotide sequence into the genome of a cell, the method comprising cleaving one or more Rosa genes according to claim 11; and contacting the cell with an exogenous polynucleotide sequence; wherein cleavage of the one or more genes stimulates integration of the exogenous polynucleotide sequence into the genome by homologous recombination.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the exogenous polynucleotide sequence is physically into the genome.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the exogenous polynucleotide sequence is integrated into the genome via nucleic acid replication processes.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the exogenous polynucleotide sequence is integrated into the genome via non-homology dependent targeted integration.
 17. A method of modifying a Rosa gene sequence in the genome of cell, the method comprising cleaving one or more Rosa genes according to claim 11, wherein (i) a first ZFN cleaves at a first cleavage site and a second ZFN cleaves at a second cleavage site; (ii) the Rosa gene sequence is located between the first cleavage site and the second cleavage site; (iii) cleavage of the first and second cleavage sites results in a modification of the gene sequence by non-homologous end joining or homology directed repair.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the modification comprises a deletion.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the modification comprises insertion of an exogenous sequence.
 20. A method of generating a transgenic animal, the method comprising; modifying a Rosa gene sequence in an embryo cell according claim 17; and allowing the embryo to develop into an animal.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the modification comprises one or more random mutations at defined positions.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the modification comprises insertion of a humanized gene.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the humanized gene is associated with drug metabolism.
 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the animal is a sexually mature animal and the modified gene sequences are present in at least a portion of gametes of the sexually mature animal.
 25. A method of creating one or more heritable mutant alleles in at least one Rosa locus of interest, the method comprising generating a transgenic animal according to claim 20, wherein the embryo is raised to sexual maturity; and allowing the sexually mature animal to produce offspring; wherein at least some of the offspring comprise the mutant alleles.
 26. A kit comprising a fusion protein according to claim
 1. 27. A kit comprising a polynucleotide according to claim
 5. 28. The kit of claim 26, further comprising additional components selected from the group consisting of one or more exogenous sequences, instructions for use, and combinations thereof.
 29. The kit of claim 27, further comprising additional components selected from the group consisting of one or more exogenous sequences, instructions for use, and combinations thereof. 